Cheers to Repeal Day!

The end of Prohibition is worth toasting…

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On December 5, 1933, the Twenty-First Amendment to the Constitution was ratified, supposedly ending our nation’s failed experiment with alcohol prohibition.

Prohibition brought with it violence, organized crime, unsafe alcohol practices, and denial of basic civil liberties — and it almost killed the cocktail.

Yet, 85 years later, we continue to feel the lingering effects of Prohibition, both in policy and in culture —  from blue laws, dry counties, and state-run liquor stores to the selection of alcoholic beverages available and the culture surrounding them.

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Presidential impeachments are rare in American constitutional history: in the 230 years since ratification, only three presidents have faced serious attempts to remove them from office.

Perhaps thats why the impeachment process is so poorly understood. 

Indispensable Remedy: The Broad Scope of the Constitution’s Impeachment Powers is a comprehensive primer on the purpose, history, and scope of the Constitution’s impeachment provisions — and a corrective to myths about the remedy.

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The Empty Case for “High-Capacity” Magazine Restrictions

Since the early 1990s, several states have passed restrictions on firearm magazines as a purported public safety measure, but there is little evidence that these restrictions have any positive effects…

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To date, the Supreme Court has repeatedly refused to hear cases surrounding these “high-capacity” magazine bans.

This has led to a fractured and unpredictable state of the law. These laws, as well as the “assault weapon” bans they tend to come packaged with, are abridgments of the natural right to self-defense. Moreover, they fail to provide sufficient benefit to justify their inherent costs.

There are three main problems with these bans.

First, the term “high-capacity” is used by legislatures to describe standard, common equipment rather than magazines that stretch a weapon’s capacity beyond its intended design.

Second, discussions of the issue are replete with fundamental misconceptions about firearm magazines and their place under the Second Amendment. In fact, some courts have held that magazines have no constitutional protection at all, contravening precedent indicating that the right to keep and bear arms protects all bearable arms in common use, including their magazines and ammunition, regardless of the arms in existence at the time of the Founding. Magazines are not mere accessories, but essential components of modern firearms.

Third, there is little evidence that high-capacity magazine restrictions have any positive effects on public safety. To support these laws, states point to horrific crimes involving large-capacity magazines. But the connection between the crime and the magazine is conjectural at best, while the prohibitions against such magazines have disrupted the lives of many otherwise law-abiding gun owners — and all without any evidence of improvements in public safety. In some courts, it seems that merely uttering the phrase “gun violence” suffices to justify any exercise of state power.

These policies are ineffective, dangerous, and unconstitutional.

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The Future Justice Kavanaugh?

In his 12 years on the D.C, Circuit, Judge Kavanaugh has demonstrated a devotion to legal text and constitutional principle…

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Judge Kavanaugh’s dedication to the Constitution’s structural protections for liberty, his steadfast defense of the rights of speech and religious conscience, and his willingness to question the excesses of the regulatory state are admirable. He has repeatedly affirmed that judges serve not as the champions of faction, but as the readers of laws and adjudicators of disputes.

He has demonstrated a devotion to legal text and constitutional principle, and has repeatedly affirmed that judges serve not as the champions of faction, but as the readers of laws and adjudicators of disputes.

While there will no doubt be cases where the future Justice Kavanaugh and Cato do not see eye-to-eye, he is nonetheless a strong pick for the Supreme Court.

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Happy Birthday to the 14th Amendment!

Happy 150th birthday to the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution!

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Originally adopted on July 9, 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment grants citizenship to “all persons born or naturalized in the United States,” and states that “No State shall…deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Celebrate with a Cato Institute Pocket Constitution, available in English, Spanish, & Arabic…

Justice Kennedy — SCOTUS “Libertarian” Justice?

Justice Anthony Kennedy’s retirement announcement was not unexpected but is still major news in the direction and leadership of the country…

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Justice Kennedy spent more than 30 years on the Court and for much of that time, particularly the last decade, has been the deciding or “swing” vote on so many controversies, ranging from campaign finance to gay marriage, the Second Amendment to abortion.

Throughout that time, his judicial philosophy couldn’t be pigeonholed as “conservative” or “liberal,” and indeed is hard to describe in conventional terms. Most terms he agreed with Cato’s position more than any other justice, and so he’s also sometimes known as the Court’s “libertarian” justice.

There’s some truth to that, even though he often reached results that libertarians liked for reasons that sounded in dignity and civility rather than classical-liberal or natural-rights theory.

By retiring now, Kennedy hands President Trump a golden opportunity to put his stamp on the Court. 

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Weakening the Constitution to Go to War in Syria is a Terrible Idea

The Constitution is supposed to make it difficult for a President to take the U.S. to war. Why would Congress want to make it easier?

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Despite President Trump’s calls during the campaign to pull back from the Middle East and more recent statements that he’s ready pack up and go home from Syria “very soon,” he nonetheless ordered missile strikes in Syria, ostensibly in response to reports that Assad killed civilians with chemical weapons.

President Trump’s announcement that the United States, France and Britain had launched airstrikes against Syria in response to a chemical weapons attack might have surprised the people who listened to him campaigning in 2016, when he repeatedly critiqued “stupid” Middle Eastern interventions.

Since entering office, President Trump has reversed course on foreign policy, and he evidently now shares the assumption that America must do something in response to atrocities in Syria — a wholehearted embrace of the Washington bias toward action.

In this, President Trump and his predecessor have something in common: Both he and President Obama came into office promising to change America’s foreign policy, but when faced with crises, both yielded to pressure to intervene. This bias toward action is one of the biggest problems in American foreign policy. It produces poorly thought-out interventions and, sometimes, disastrous long-term consequences.

President Trump’s previous strikes in Syria garnered bipartisan praise from the Washington establishment, praise that the president craves. Yet military action in Syria will not benefit national interests, and may draw the U.S. further into a quagmire there is no easy route out of.

Two days after President Trump declared “Mission Accomplished” on the latest round of missile strikes against Syria, a bipartisan group of senators unveiled legislation intended to reassert Congress’s relevance to the wars we fight. But the new Authorization for the Use of Military Force, introduced by Bob Corker, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Chairman, and the Democrat Tim Kaine, may end up doing the opposite.

Senator Kaine is right that, as he said in a speech about the bill, “for too long Congress has given presidents a blank check to wage war.” The 2001 authorization, passed three days after the Sept. 11 attacks and aimed at the perpetrators of those attacks, has done just that. Three presidents in a row have warped its limited authority into an enabling act for globe-spanning presidential war.

The Corker-Kaine resolution won’t bring an end to the Forever War; it will institutionalize it. Instead of ratifying war powers that three presidents in a row have seized illegally, Congress should repeal — and not replace — the 2001 legislation.

In authorizing the use of force against a list of terrorist organizations and their affiliates, the bill states that it “establishes rigorous congressional oversight,” “improves transparency” and ensures “regular congressional review and debate.” Such transparency requirements are an improvement over the status quo. But the bill also turns the constitutional warmaking process upside down.

Our Constitution was designed to make war difficult, requiring the assent of both houses and the president. The bill essentially changes that by merely requiring “regular congressional review” of presidential warmaking and requires reauthorization every four years; meanwhile, choosing new enemies, in new countries, is the president’s call, unless Congress can assemble a veto-proof majority to check him.

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Good News for Gun Rights

The District of Columbia has suffered another defeat in its decades-long effort to restrict gun rights….

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Yesterday, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals struck down the District’s “good reason” requirement, which obliges individuals to demonstrate a special need before being allowed to carry a gun.

The “good reason,” as defined by the D.C. government, is incredibly narrow. Simply being concerned about crime, or living/working in a crime-ridden area of the city does not suffice. Effectively the only people capable of meeting the D.C. test are those working in extraordinarily high-risk occupations or people who have received substantive, specific threats against them.

Two different District Court judges ruled against the “good reason” requirement (one ruling was set aside due to a bit of a procedural morass), and those two cases were combined on appeal to the D.C. Circuit. In a 2-1 decision, a panel of the Court of Appeals struck the “good reason” rule down as unconstitutional.

However, the District can appeal this ruling back to the D.C. Circuit in order to have it reheard en banc. The case could also ultimately end up in front of the United States Supreme Court which, since its rulings in Heller (2008) and McDonald (2010), hasn’t seen fit to offer further guidance to lower courts on whether the 2nd Amendment applies outside the home.

With various federal courts coming to different conclusions on that question, this case represents a great opportunity to finally get a definitive answer from the high court.

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When Criminal Justice Policy Isn’t Constitutional…

Massive deportations, marijuana raids, property seizures, and militarized policing will jolt the foundations of our constitutional republic…

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President Trump says crime is a serious problem and that he’s going to do something about it.

To begin, it is very unfortunate that President Trump has chosen to elevate the crime problem in the way that he has because it reinforces the mistaken idea that the federal government “oversees” our criminal justice system. In fact, the Constitution says very little about federal criminal jurisdiction

According to the constitutional text, piracy, treason, and counterfeiting are supposed to be the federal government’s concern, but not much else. The common law crimes of murder, rape, assault, and theft are to be handled by state and local governments.

Of course, as the federal government grew in size and scope, it came to involve itself in a host of local matters — from schools to road maintenance to crime fighting. Although Trump has spoken of “draining the swamp” and slashing the federal budget, he not only seems uninterested in reducing the federal role in crime-fighting, but is also clearly moving to expand that role.

President Trump may have good intentions, but his gut instincts in the area of criminal justice are terribly misguided. Criminal justice reformers will likely win some policy battles — especially at the state and local level, but the road ahead looks treacherous indeed.

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Commercial Speech is Speech

Commercial speech has become one of the most litigated and controversial areas of First Amendment protection…

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Over the last 40 years, the Supreme Court has extended an ever-increasing level of First Amendment protection to commercial speech. 

It is difficult to find a Supreme Court decision upholding governmental suppression of truthful commercial speech in the last 25 years. Yet the Court has continued to provide less protection for commercial speech than is given to traditionally protected categories such as political or artistic expression. 

Commercial speech has become one of the most litigated and controversial areas of First Amendment protection. Yet the question of protecting such speech should not be in doubt.

The controversy arises from fundamental misunderstandings of the ways in which commercial speech furthers the values of the First Amendment’s guarantee of free expression.

The scholarly community has — with only rare exception — been either grudging or downright hostile to extending constitutional protection to commercial advertising. Most — although not all — scholars believe that protecting commercial speech trivializes what the First Amendment is truly about, reintroduces the threat to the smooth functioning of the regulatory system first presented by the specious and harmful pre-New Deal doctrine of economic substantive due process, and risks diluting the strong protection traditionally given to more valuable areas of expression. 

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